Death Be Not Proud - 1269 Words

J Singh English Coursework John Donne and Tony Harrison both discuss death in their poems. They were written in different eras and both poems have different views on this subject. John Donne had a rather privileged upbringing as he was born into a prosperous family and studied law at Oxbridge. Donne, however, was also unfortunate as he lost is father very early in his life and this could have affected his views on death. Tony Harrison on the other hand was born into a proud working class family in Leeds. Harrison’s poem is completely opposite to Donne’s as it tells the reader about his personal life and the unfortunate passing of his Mother. â€Å"Death be not Proud† was written three hundred and fifty years ago and written in sonnet†¦show more content†¦Possibly the saddest feature of the poem is the fact that, although both Harrison and his father himself know that the father isn’t coping very well, neither of them can bring themselves to talk about it. This exposes the inability of men (especially old, proud Yorkshire men like Harrison’s father) to speak openly about their feelings. Harrison’s father would see it as a sign of weakness to openly show his great sorrow and his â€Å"still raw love† to his son. The word raw is used to describe his love as an undressed wound and the pain is still constant. The poem is therefore painfully well observed and frustratingly honest. We feel very sorry for Harrison’s father and indeed for Harrison himself, who allowed his father to carry on the pretence without ever feeling able to help. His father is now dead, his phone number i s â€Å"disconnected† and it is too late for Harrison to â€Å"call†. The final verse presents the reader with an antithetic juxtaposition. Harrison begins with stating that, â€Å"I believe life ends with death, and that is all†, (this contrasts to Donne, as he doesn’t believe in the afterlife). However, his actions do not support his statement, as although his parents are both dead, he still keeps their memory alive in his â€Å"new black leather phone book†, still â€Å"calling† their â€Å"disconnected number†. Harrison’s behaviour is hugely ironic, given the almost critical way in which he exposed his father’s frailties in the opening three verses, now, just like hisShow MoreRelatedDeath Be Not Proud1025 Words   |  5 PagesGreg Mohnkern ID: L23191458 WRITING STYLE USED: Essay of poetry (MLA style) Thesis Statement: â€Å"Death be not proud† by John Donne personifies death, as its title aptly prescribes. Giving death human traits allows the writer to blast him with colorful images full of sarcasm and a tone of defiance. The ultimate message of the author provokes the human soul to resist the fear of death. Outline: Introduction: Thesis statement Transition: Discuss the writer’s life in relationshipRead MoreDeath, Be Not Proud1661 Words   |  7 PagesDeath â€Å"Death, be not proud (Holy Sonnet 10)† by John Donne dramatizes the conflict between the perception and the reality of death, through the use of imagery. The speaker completely talks down the common perception of death, stating that even though many have called it â€Å"mighty and dreadful,† it really is not. The speaker compares death to sleep, which is generally an enjoyable thing. The personification of death is something that is popular in culture. Death is often depicted as a skeletal characterRead More Death Be Not Proud Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesto die? In the memoir Death Be Not Proud by John Gunther, his son Named Johnny is faced with this situation. At an early age, Johnny was found with a brain tumor, and struggles to survive. Johnny later died from the brain tumor. Johnny was loved by many people; much of whom tried his/her best to help Johnny through this ordeal. Although Johnny was faced with death, Johnny faced death with courage throughout the book. Even though Johnny was faced with death, he faced death with courage. Johnny showedRead MoreDeath, Be Not Proud by John Donne755 Words   |  4 Pages In John Donne’s sonnet â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† death is closely examined and Donne writes about his views on death and his belief that people should not live in fear of death, but embrace it. â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† is a Shakespearean sonnet that consists of three quatrains and one concluding couplet, of which I individually analyzed each quatrain and the couplet to elucidate Donne’s arguments with death. Donne converses with death, and argues that death is not the universal destroyer of life. He elaboratesRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud By John Donne1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe progression of societal beliefs regarding our approach towards death is dependent upon the changing nature of both cultural and historical contexts. In Donne’s Holy Sonnet ‘Death be not proud’ he uses second person narration to address â€Å"Death† as â€Å"thou†, â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thy†, death is not considered conceptually bu t anthropomorphised as the poems fundamental pride. In ‘Death be not proud’, we see how the rumination of death is shaped by Elizabethan values. Through the subverted Petrarchan structureRead MoreDeath, Be Not Proud, By John Donne1303 Words   |  6 PagesDeath and mortality are common themes widely used throughout poetry and other numerous works of literature. As well as this, death is a common occurrence in life, and though most people refuse to accept or acknowledge it, everyone must deal with it at some point in their lifetime. Whether it be the death of a family member, friend, or the final stages of your own life you will experience death in some way. In the poems, â€Å"Death, be not proud† and â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† the speakersRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud By John Donne1908 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Donne’s poem, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† (1633), is only one of the impressive poems in his collection: The Holy S onnets. In â€Å"Death Be Not Proud†, Donne expresses his Anglican beliefs as he addresses death’s fraudulent image and unjustified pride. Donne’s audience is death, but his poem is also intended for its  readers, who  Ã¢â‚¬Å"some have called [death] / Mighty and dreadful† (1-2). He begins the poem with a calm, conversational tone, but becomes more aggressive and expositive as his poem progresses.Read MoreJohn Donne Death Be Not Proud Analysis799 Words   |  4 PagesIs Death the Finale? Death has always been an intriguing topic in literature. Writers have been confounded by the idea of death and the unknown afterlife for centuries. Some people believe death is the end of all things because nothing can withstand it. In John Donne’s poem, â€Å"Death, be not proud,† the poet explains his personal understanding of death and its permanence. This poem is a narrative sonnet. Although this sonnet follows the rhyme scheme of an Italian sonnet (abba cddc effe gg), it alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Be Not Proud By John Donne745 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holy Sonnet, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† written by John Donne. He was the founder of metaphysical poems in the Elizabeth period and a religious figure. A Metaphysical Poetic style maybe philosophical and spiritual subjects that were approached with reason and often concluded in paradox. Metaphysical poets examined serious questions about existence of God the Holy Sonnet 10 was one of nineteen other Holy So nnets he wrote. Donne was famous for his poems of life, death, and religion. This poem was writtenRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Be Not Proud By John Donne1488 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout his poems, John Donne uses literary devices, such as imagery and diction, to discuss an overarching theme of death along with its religious implications, done most noticeably in the Holy Sonnet â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† and the lyrical poem â€Å"Hymn to God, My God, In My Sickness.† He also elaborates on the complexity of emotion, particularly in the metaphysical love poem, â€Å"The Flea.† Donne’s witty and clever style paired with his affinity for social and religious commentary allows his works to

Paradise Lost and Adam’s response to the Gospel Free Essays

That all this good of evil shall produce, [470] And evil turn to good; more wonderful Then that which by creation first brought forth Light out of darkness! full of doubt I stand, Whether I should repent me now of sin By mee done and occasiond, or reJoyce [ 475 ] Much more, that much more good thereof shall spring, To God more glory, more good will to Men From God, and over wrauth grace shall abound. (Milton, 12. 469-477) The passage above is about Adam responding to Gabriel’s message about the Gospel. We will write a custom essay sample on Paradise Lost and Adam’s response to the Gospel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gabriel has Just told Adam the story of how through Adam and Eve’s mistake Jesus overcame sin. â€Å"But to the Cross he nailes thy Enemies,† and â€Å"Shall bruise the head of Satan, crush his strength† (Milton, 12. 430,415). The news of Jesus’ gracious victory over sin and death overwhelms Adam. He responds in lines 471-472 by saying that the post-fallen world (with Jesus) is greater than the pre-fallen world in the Garden of Eden. Adam is basically saying he does not feel as bad for the fall ecause of the good that will â€Å"spring† (line 476) forth from it. I think this passage is very neat and speaks a whole lot to the work of Jesus in my life. So much evil has come from the fall, and sometimes I ask myself, â€Å"if God is all- knowing, then why did he make humans when he knew that we would fall? † The whole poem has helped me understand that â€Å"why’. Specifically the passage above ultimately, more good has come through Jesus, than bad has from sin and death! This takes some weight off my shoulders whenever I sin and fall short. I now see that God’s grace and love is more powerful than anything bad that I can do. Jesus had slain sin and death, and I am victorious through Him. Even seeing Adam’s cheerfulness after the good news makes me see the fall of humankind differently; it reminds me to look at Jesus rather than at my sin. In my discussion with my friend about this passage and the poem as a whole, I learned the power of literature. This poem speaks not only about Christianity, but also about the history of beliefs. How to cite Paradise Lost and Adam’s response to the Gospel, Papers

Amino Acid Becoming A Membrane Transporter free essay sample

Biology Oxford Presentation A. Entering the epithelia cell of the small intestine, until being loaded onto the proper tRNA. Amino acid present in the lumen of the small intestine The goal is to cross through the epithelial cell membrane to enter into the epithelial cell’s cytoplasm – its charged cuz of side chains To get through the membrane the amino acid must cross the Simple columnar epithelial cells lining the apical surface of the small intestinal tract. These cells are impermeable to any harmful bacteria that may be ingested by the body, but permeable to necessary ions. Absorption of amino acids occurs through a process known as facilitated diffusion through membrane transporters (carrier protein) by means of active transport OR The type of transporter which an animo acids is transported through the epithelial membrane through depends on the R-group attacked to the particular amino acid (structure and combosition) These transporters bind amino acids only once they have bound sodium ions – this is known as coupled transport This coupled transport is through a symport transporter protein which works by transporting the amino acid across the cell membrane only in the presence of a sodium ion (sodium is co-transported) Once the amino acid is released from the transporter protein into the cytoplasm of the epithelial cell the amino acids collect in pools until they are pick-up by tRNA that is floating throughout the cytoplasm The enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase for that specific amino acid binds ATP and the amoni acid to the active site ATP is hydrolyzed inot AMP which then minds to the amino acid in the active site The tRNA for the specific amino acid comes into contact with the specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase to collect the activated amino acid The amino acid uses the energy from the bonded AMP to transfer to the tRNA B. Initiation of translation, until incorporated into a folded protein Once the mature mRNA reaches the cytoplasm it will bind to the small subunit of the ribosome (ribosomes are organelles within the cell either free floating or attached to the ER, and are made of rRNA and proteins) Translation Initiation: Then the first tRNA lines up its anit-codon sequence to the corresponding codon sequence on the mRNA, which are specific to each amino acid, at the ‘p-site’ on the ribosome (the initiating tRNA will most likely be carrying the amino acid methionine) Initiation of translation is completed with the large subunit of the ribosome binds to the small unit Elongation: The next tRNA (with the correct aintcodon and carrying a specific amino acid) moves in a parks at the A-site A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids   The ribosome moves down the mRNA by one reading frame, which puts the first amino acid in the E-site (where the tRNA will exit, and the second amino acid moves into the P-site Now another tRNA can move into the empty A-site of the ribosome, and a new peptide bond forms between the new amino acid on the tRNA in the A-site, there by adding to the amino acid chain The ribosome moves over one frame, one amino acid exits, another enters, and another amino acid is added to the chain (the cycle continues) until I reaches a ‘stop’ When the ribosome reaches a reading frame that reads for the ‘stop’ sequence (one of three termination codons) which then signals to the ribosome that it is finished reading the mRNA strand Termination: The large and small subunits of the ribosome disengage from the mRNA strand, and release the amino acid sequence that will then go onto form its proper shape The folding of the protein has been taking place turning translation, before termination Folding takes place as a result of the hydrogen bonding and chemical interactions of the R-groups attached to the amino acids – this folding c=occurs spontaneously (no energy required) Molecular chaperones may assist in the protein folding (some chaperones bind to the ribosome near the ‘tunnel’ where growing peptide exits As a result of the H-bonding, and chemical iteraction of the R-groups – aided by chaperones; the protein will fold into its correct specific shape C. Post translation modifications, until installation on the plasma membrane All protein syntheses takes place on free ribosomes Post translation modifications are chemical modifications of the protein structure (of the amino acids) which generally involves the addition of functional groups/ small molecules which increases protein diversity Some types of post-translational modifications Glycosylation – addition of carbohydrate Lipoylation addition of lipid groups Phosphorylation addition of phosphate groups Ubiquitination – addition of ubiquitin Methylation – addition of methyl group Acetylation- addition of acetyl group Proteolysis- cleavage of peptide bonds †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦over 30 different types of PTMs Once the protein has been modified the signal sequence, a stretch of amino acids, will direct the protein to particular organelles All protein transport requires energy The protein contains a signal sequence which makes the protein bound for the ER The signal recognition particle on the signal sequence binds to SRP receptor in the ER membrane- the SRP is displaced and recycled The soluble protein travels through the translocation channel into the ER lumen where it is covalently modified to stabilize the protein (disulfide bonds), leaving the signal sequence in the ER membrane The protein is kept in the ER until it is properly folded and helps to direct it to the proper organelle The properly folded protein the then packed in a budding transport vesicle and sent to the golgi apparatus The golgi apparatus accepts the protein on the cis-golgi network (modifications and removal of the CHO groups from ER and addition of new ones) and and is then sent through the apparatus until it reaches the trans golgi network- where is is packaged and secreted from the organelle The trans golgi network secrets the secretary vesicle (membrane bound vesicle filled with protein) through constructive secretion The  vesicle travels to the cell membrane, and through unregulated membrane fusion, fusses to become apart of the plasma membrane, bringing with it the newly synthesized proteins that become apart of the plasma membrane

Once More free essay sample

The day had come; it was the Tennis Championship Finals. All I could remember at that time was all the hard work I had possessed in order reach this point, a point where all the high schools in New York City want to be. And most of my fear at this point was whether I could win the championship or lose it all. It wasn’t just me playing for that championship trophy, it was the entire team, so the pressure was on all of us and I could feel it, as my nerves were moving in all directions giving me goosebumps. My teammates and I had thirty minutes free time before the game, so we got together with our coach, loosened up, took pride in ourselves and looked at the past and what we had accomplished, and set our minds to the championship game and put all of our focus in to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Once More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thirty minutes drifted away without us even realizing it, but our minds never drifted away. We were still in focus to meet our opponents and were completely ready to take the trophy back to our school. We called ourselves the Beavers and stepped into the courts as warriors and put ourselves in the battlefield. The game started and I was playing the game at my best with a fierce spirit to win, and so did all my teammates. But unfortunately for me, my opponent seemed to be more skilled and tenacious. With my nervousness pulling me back, I was only able to win one set out of the three sets that were played. The game came to an abrupt end and my adversary had won the game by two sets and defeated me. And what were my feelings? I felt like killing myself. I cursed, yelled even let some tears run out of my eyes, but in the end it was no hope, and I realized that my adversary was just too good for me. My teammates cheered me up and said â€Å"it’s ok, you did your best† but that didn’t soothe me at all. I knew I could have done better. In the end, we didn’t win the championship but still were able to retrieve the runner up trophy. As a team, we realized it’s not about winning the championship that matters the most, what matters was the hard work, experience, and the fun we had in preparing for this one moment since the season begun. I might not have won the match, but I was not ashamed of it. Instead, I was proud of my accomplishments and was also proud to be part of the Jamaica Tennis Team. As elders say, There are many things that need to be learned in life and my lesson is that as an athlete either you win or lose but don’t ever regret anything that you did, always feel good about yourself and take the lesson of losing and turn it into winning. It doesn’t matter whether I lost the championship last season. But this time, it’s a new season, new game, different tactics but one same goal.

Capital Punishmen essays

Capital Punishmen essays Capital punishment originates in America all the way back to the eighteenth century. Colonist living in those times would be put to death for denying the true God or for petty theft. Back then, they took the death penalty a lot less lightly then the thought and debate it is known for now. They believed if you committed a crime that was heinous enough, you deserved to have your rights stripped of you and be put to death almost immediately. Now the journey of being put to death goes through many delays and averages over a decade. Whether or not capital punishment should be used in America has become a very controversial issue and justice can not be served until the debate on capital punishment is resolved and all states have come to agree that the death penalty is the best way to stop crime completely. Capital punishment deters murder, and is just retribution. Capital punishment is the execution of criminals by the state, for committing crimes, in which, death is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment does not only lower the murder rate, but its value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. Support for the death penalty has risen in America to an average of 80% according to an article written by Richard Worsnop, entitled Death penalty debate centers on retribution. Maybe people are starting to realize how the existence of the death penalty affects the crime and culture in America. The main reason why the death penalty needs to be exercised is the fact that it is a deterrent of crime. It deters murder and other serious crimes by putting the fear of death into would be killers and criminals. A person is less likely to do something if he or she thinks that harm will come to him as a consequence of his action. Another way the death penalty deters murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill again. What is to stop a crazed killer from killing someone ...

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems The melody of the German national anthem comes from the old Austrian imperial anthem â€Å"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser† (â€Å"God Save Franz the Emperor†) by Franz Joseph Haydn  (1732-1809), which was first played on February 12, 1797. In 1841 Haydns melody was combined with with lyrics by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben  Ã‚  (1798-1874) to create â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† or â€Å"Das Deutschlandlied.† From the time of Bismarcks Prussia (1871) up to the end of the First World War this anthem was replaced by another. In 1922 the first president of the German Republic (the â€Å"Weimar Republic†), Friedrich Ebert, officially introduced â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† as the national anthem. During the 12 years of the Nazi era, the first stanza was the official anthem. In May 1952 the third stanza was proclaimed the official anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) by President Theodor Heuss. (East Germany had its own anthem.) The second verse, while never  verboten (forbidden), was not very popular because of its â€Å"wine, women, and song† references. The fourth verse was written by Albert Matthi during the French occupation of the Ruhr region in 1923. It is not part of the anthem today. Since 1952, only the third (â€Å"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit†) verse has been the official anthem. Das Lied der Deutschen Song of the Germans German Lyrics Literal English Translation Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, ber alles in der Welt, Above everything in the world, Wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze When always, for protection, Brderlich zusammenhlt, We stand together as brothers. Von der Maas bis an die Memel, From the Maas to the Memel Von der Etsch bis an den Belt - From the Etsch to the Belt - Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all ber alles in der Welt. Above all in the world. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song, Sollen in der Welt behalten Shall retain in the world, Ihren alten schnen Klang, Their old lovely ring Uns zu edler Tat begeistern To inspire us to noble deeds Unser ganzes Leben lang. Our whole life long. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom fr das deutsche Vaterland! For the German Fatherland Danach lasst uns alle streben Let us all strive for that Brderlich mit Herz und Hand! In brotherhood with heart and hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom Sind des Glckes Unterpfand; Are the foundation for happiness Blh im Glanze dieses Glckes, Bloom in the glow of happiness Blhe, deutsches Vaterland. Bloom, German Fatherland. Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles,* Germany, Germany above all* Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Nur im Unglck kann die Liebe Only in misfortune can love Zeigen, ob sie stark und echt. Show if its strong and true. Und so soll es weiterklingen And so it should ring out Von Geschlechte zu Geschlecht: From generation to generation: Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Listen to  the  Melody: Lied der Deutschen  or to the the  Deutschlandlied  (orchestral version. Austrian National Anthem: Land der Berge The national anthem (Bundeshymne) of the  Republik Ãâ€"sterreich  (Republic of Austria) was officially adopted on February 25, 1947, following a contest to find a replacement for the former imperial anthem by Haydn that had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and now also had Nazi associations. The composer of the melody is not certain, but its origin goes back to 1791, when it was created for the freemason lodge to which both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Holzer (1753-1818) belonged. Current theory says that either Mozart or Holzer could have composed the melody. The lyrics were written by Paula von Preradovic (1887-1951), the winner of the 1947 competition. Preradovic was the mother of the Austrian Minister of Education, Felix Hurdes, who had encouraged her (a distinguished writer and poet) to enter the contest.   The  Swiss National Anthem (Die Schweizer Nationalhymne) The Swiss national anthem has a unique history that reflects the  nature of Switzerland itself. Switzerland (die Schweiz) may be an old country, but its current national anthem has only been official since 1981. Although the Schweizer Landeshymne or Landeshymne was tentatively approved by the Swiss Nationalrat in 1961 and was in general use after 1965, the anthem did not actually become official for another 20 years (April 1, 1981). The anthem itself, originally known as the Schweizerpsalm, is much older. In 1841 the priest and composer Alberik Zwyssig of Urn was asked to compose music for a patriotic poem written by his friend, Zurich music publisher Leonhard Widmer. He used a hymn that he had already composed, and adapted it for Widmers words. The result was the Schweizerpsalm, which soon became popular in parts of Switzerland. But some Swiss cantons, such as French-speaking Neuchatel, had their own anthems. Efforts to select an official Swiss national anthem (to replace an old one that used the British God Save the Queen/King melody) ran up against the countrys five languages and strong regional identities until 1981.

Controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controversial topic - Essay Example Regarding effects due to gene-flow, the EPA showed in 2010 that 83% of wild or weedy canola contains genetically-modified herbicide-resistant genes that were linked to GMO canola crops [2]; if the canola plant were a â€Å"pest plant†, this could hurt the environment Insect-resistance strains significantly decrease pest populations while increasing non-pest insect populations; insect-resistant strains also decreased the amount of pesticides used – and their negative effect on the environment – by 15%, in 2006 [3] Also, not as much resistance as might believed: a series of studies from the Pew Institute showed that most Americans do not support the banning of GMO foods, but instead want the safety of the foods highly regulated [6] End with quote from economist Paul Collier, of Oxford University: â€Å"Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption imperative.† [7] In this case, increasing world population, combined with decreasing farmable land, may make the adoption of GMOs inevitable. So, let’s fund more research and oversight of GMO

Applied Theory of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Theory of Economics - Essay Example China and India have progressed exponentially, with current estimates clearly showing how they would be the worlds biggest economies in sheer volume by 2050.Countries like South Korea, Taiwan & Singapore, once minor shipping ports are now among the economic elites of the world, on par with any developed nation today. These spectacular developments have been due to the great flexibility the capitalist system has demonstrated in granting everyone a stake in this brave new world. But with all that being said it also has a dark side attached to it as well. Poor nations with poor legislation on labor rights, wages, health & safety, poor government monitoring and manipulation by many rogue corporations over the ages have put into question the humanitarian aspect of trade. Arguing that corporations shifting production capacities elsewhere are susceptible to exploit the labor and other available resources of their host countries. In my humble opinion ,with the exception of a few highly publi cized cases, the net result of free trade for the developing world has been beneficial .It has alleviated poverty on national levels, led to transfer of modes of technology & made the world more cosmopolitan and integrated . Below are some of the arguments that in my opinion reflect very favorably on the effect of free trade on the developing world. Free trade is not just an economic practice it's a way of life, a political philosophy. "A major source of objection to a free economy is precisely that it [...] gives people what they want instead of what a particular group thinks they ought to want." (Friedman, n.p.) Below are in my opinion some points that argue favorably in the case of free trade for the developing world. Free Trades Alleviates Poverty More cannot be said of free trades vitality in increasing the fortunes of developing world. With the every specific shift of a production capacity in that particular or municipality a steady stream of labor is required. By gaining employments workers get means for their livelihoods and purchasing power. The cumulative effect is on a national scale. One can look no further than the birth of middle class in China & India. They alone have been a major factor in stimulating their local economies with their spending patterns. Free Trade Removes Likeliness of War it's no secret that all commerce flourishes in peaceful times. Especially in this integrated world when there are vested interests in another countries well being. Although the incidence of war hasn't been totally eliminated, by and large majority of the world the developing world has enjoyed prosperity over the decades. In fact, so many nations have entered into regional pacts to gain access to each others markets, to remove import quotas & for freer flow of resources in between their borders. All of these points which are the cornerstone of the Free Trade phenomenon. And in turn Organizations geared towards the free market ideal such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Organization), EU (European Union) & WTO (World Trade Organization) have shown resounding success since the time of their

Defence Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

Defence Mechanisms Essay Defence mechanisms are psychological actions brought in by the unconscious mind to change, deny or become a twisted reality. Defence mechanisms are usually referred to as ego defence mechanisms. A defence mechanism forms when anxiety occurs, this then means that the defence mechanisms will be triggered off. All defence mechanisms share two common properties they appear unconsciously and they tend to disfigure, transform a person’s reality. Defence mechanisms occur in some level in every person. Many play important roles in socialization and allowing the way in which people function in society. Others are seen as problems and they show signs of clients developing a dangerous psychological issue. For example regression, this means you return to a childlike state, this defence mechanism can get very dangerous as it can lead to clinical issues. There are many different defence mechanisms such as: Projection- Suggesting that others share the negative beliefs and thoughts you have, making yourself think that everyone thinks like that so it is okay to think like that as well. This can lead to very irrational thoughts. Such as when someone is depressed they then start to believe thoughts that their mind has made up maybe leading them to become suicidal. Displacement- Turning emotion into physical action (aggression) May tend to lash out to get rid of the emotion that have inside. This could lead to putting themselves and others into very serious danger as they could get progressively aggressive. This often occurs in mental health as they don’t know how to deal with certain emotions and situations. Rationalization- Illogical thoughts and explanations for your behaviour. Making up excuses just to get away with it. Making up things that don’t make sense. This could lead to them believing their own thoughts and starting to think they are real, sending them mentally ill. This could be when a doctor/surgeon makes a mistake during a procedure and they try to cover up their mistakes by using excuse and lies. Isolation- Removal of all emotional reactions so they are in emotional denial. Can’t cope with all of the emotion. In a hospital a nurse/doctor could not like a patient because of different beliefs and maybe ersonalities so provides them with different treatment. If someone is in denial then they will force themselves to not believe what they have been told to be true and not accept it. For example a person is diagnosed with a terminal disease, they will not believe it and just block it out so they don’t have to deal with it as they don’t know how to. They are refusing to accept the situation they are in. Eventually that person will have forced it out of their head so much that they generally think it hasn’t happened and it was all just a lie. Regression this is when you return to a childlike state acting immature, for example in a family when a new sibling arrives the other sibling gets jealous so therefore they may start to wet the bed as they want attention as they feel as if the other sibling is getting all of their parents attentions (feeling left out. ) Some people may go to therapy to identify the defence mechanisms that benefit them and work in a good way and also to identify the defence mechanisms that are really dangerous and that they shouldn’t be using.

Can Biodiversity loss be the downfall of an ecosystem and human well be

People often say "Why should I care if a species goes extinct? It’s not essential to my daily life†. But what use are humans, really? We waste a lot of resources and have managed to damage the ecosystem without a second thought. Eliminating species to extinction, destroying plants and trees a critical part of human well-being and organisms in an ecosystem leading to tremendous consequences. Organisms depend on each other for survival and the loss of one species can greatly alter the balance of an ecosystem as a whole, as seen in the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem. Gray wolves were poached to extinction from Yellowstone during the early twentieth century, then were reintroduced to restore a complete food web. Researchers, Marshall, Hobbs and Cooper the authors of â€Å"Stream hydrology limits recovery of riparian ecosystems after wolf reintroduction† suggested â€Å"excessive browsing of willows by elk after wolves were gone was implicated in the disappearance of beavers from streams". Furthermore, when the gray wolves disappeared the willows were terminated by elk glazing and with no willows to slow stream flow, creeks flowed faster and beavers prefer slow-moving water, so they disappeared as well. In addition, when the wolves were reintroduced they hunted elk and brought down numbers of these. But, removing elk glazing wasn't enough for the willows, needing slow streams created by beavers allowing more willows to grow. Alan Tessier, program director in the National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology whom funded the concludes "the research illustrates the value of long-term ecological experiments to understanding how species interactions cascade through food webs to determine ecosystem resilience†. Theref... ...vores, meaning no food for carnivores, meaning much quicker extinction of all life. In conclusion, losing even a small strand in the web of life contributes to the unraveling of our planet's sustainability, and that makes a difference to each one of us. Works Cited Marshall Kristen N, Hobbs N. Thompson and Copper David J. â€Å"Stream hydrology limits recovery of riparian ecosystems after wolf reintroduction†. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 280. (2013). "Traditional Medicine." (2003) World Heath Organization. Web. 11 Mar 2014. "Facts and figures on biodiversity." (2012) The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Web. 11 Mar 2014. Chivian, Eric and Bernstein, Aaron. â€Å"Sustaining Life: How Our Health Depends On Biodiversity†. 2008. Print. "How much do oceans add to world’s oxygen?." (2013) Earth sky. Web. 11 Mar 2014.

Assignments

In what way does the hanging consumer environment influence the marketing plan of Nikkei? (Pass 1. 1). 7 part D Conclusion and Recommendations 1 . Based on your findings in part A to C, in at least 500 words, summarize and evaluate the key issues relating to Nine's capability for planning its future marketing activities (Pass 1. 2). 7 Reference 9 such an audit (Pass 1. 3) Review or evaluation of marketing activities in a detailed and a systematic way can be identified as marketing audit of an organization. Assessing similar situations in the past can create opportunities for the present.Marketing auditing allows all marketing activities for reviewing and evaluating opportunities for the future. Due to the constantly changing business environment, marketing audit and external environment changes constantly with updates that reflect their experience should be used as reference material. This can be used to position where the company stands in its own objectives. For marketing audit, ST EEPLE factors of environment, SOOT analysis, Porter's five forces analysis are used as tools. For analyzing the macro environment, the factors are Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical.Commonly known as Studying these factors and their behaviors enable to make correct decisions in marketing. Social habits, values, beliefs, and its part of what shapes personality and human reality. There are many factors that affect the organization internal or external. These factors include the demographic and cultural values, the changing role of women, education, lifestyle changes, and so on. They play an important role in the formation of the organization in terms of their roles, activities and functions that are practiced within the organization. Technology is developing rapidly day by day.In promotion and other aspects of a business it is vital to consider technology advancement. The marketing plan should concentrate on the technology as well. Economy of country contributes to business. It may create opportunities or threaten a business. Such as tax policies of a country may influence or discourage imports. Environmental factor has more concern on a company's image. Waste management, air, water and noise pollution has a great impact on company's decisions. The green organization concept plays a major role in their long term objectives and their visions.Political stability ND a leadership of a country do have the impact on marketing decisions and their plans depending on their attitudes towards the economy and their policies. Laws and regulations of a country has affect of the activities or the operations of a company. And the marketing plan has to be aligned with the constitution of a country. Ethical processes has to be followed in marketing planning, in order to maintain the image and the goodwill of the company. Porter's flee forces analysis is also another tool used to analyses marketing audits.The threat of new entries  œ Highly profitable markets will attract new competitors. In order to retain the market share planning will play a major role. Bargaining power of buyers – Buyers sensitiveness towards the price and the amount of pressure a buyer can put to the company is described with this. Planning on loyal customer programs can minimize the situation. Threat of substitute products or services – Propensity to switch to alternative products is meant by this phrase. If situations can be predicted as such, measures need to be taken to react accordingly before losing the market share.Bargaining power of suppliers – Suppliers of raw materials, parts, labor and services o the company can be a source of power over the company, if there are several alternatives. Suppliers may refuse to work with the company, Rivalry among existing innovation has to be further and determined in a industry where a rivalry among the competitors are high. 2. Using appropriate tools, analyze the external factors that would influence the marketing planning of Nikkei (Pass 1. 4) Nikkei as the market leader in the shoe industry still keeps existing products developing and researching for new products.So far Nikkei has established 700 factories around the world to cater this huge market. As the third course of the our actions of Anions matrix, Nikkei keeps inventing and developing new products as mentioned in their mission statement. Such as Nikkei air. Currently as mentioned a new departments has been opened for Nikkei +. In addition, the company has invaded cyberspace through this project to give a supportive service by allowing to store personal data in their web sites from Nikkei + products. Nikkei is diversified. They are now looking for new markets around the world with new products.With initiative approach with electronic integration with shoes. Even the promotion is done through Weber space through social media for these kinds of new products with good responses, results other t han television. Part B 1 . Discuss how the following issues act as barriers to Nine's marketing planning (Pass 2. 1) a. Nine's huge and bureaucratic organization. Factories of Nikkei are all around the world. In different nations, Different languages, different ethical and social backgrounds. Coordination among factories and departments comes as a barrier.In functions marketing, Human resources Finance, Productions and distribution is located in different locations and the procedures and recesses are a barriers, Due to the fact that the employees shows loyalty to their immediate departmental head other than understanding of the Core values and ethics of the company. Organizational cultures do play a role in the barriers, such as in a need to change, the employees might slow down the processes with different beliefs. And underestimate the plans to change. And hesitate to take advantage of unexpected favorable conditions.Lack of good leaderships poor ethical issues have also generated trouble for Nikkei over the years. Such as using Child labor and factories with poor working environment. . Customer expectations for Nine's products. Nines most of the advertising is done with superstar athletes. When these superstars fail the the reputation for the brand name too decreases. Failure to understand the cultures sensitivities in a target market may have negative outcomes of a marketing planning, Due to the fact that the Nikkei is mainly trading in the international market. Approach of McDonald's. A. Nine's huge and bureaucratic organization.Situate marketing within operations Have departments, marketing and sales report to one person to reduce confusions among the departments. Systematize the process Have a set of written procedures and common format for marketing planning. This will help to overcome the demographic barriers. Style and culture Promote active support and participation by the leaders in the company, thus creating the right culture for marketing plannin g. This will enable to create the idea in the minds of the employee that they are working for a one big company. B. Customer expectations for Nine's products.Shared values about marketing Marketing should be customer oriented to add value to the products that they purchase. Scan the environment thoroughly Identify the customer needs through an effective marketing audit. To be align with the customer expectations. 1 . Explain how ethical issues would influence Nine's marketing planning (Pass 4. 1). Nikkei should have the infrastructure to discover, disclose, expose and resolve ethical issues as they occur. In order to do it the company has to set a body of principals or standards of conduct governing behavior of individuals and departments in the company.This will enable to mitigate the extent of damage to the company. Nine's marketing plan shall be based on this regarding resolving ethical matters. 2. Nikkei as been accused of using child labor in the production of its soccer balls in appropriately (Pass 4. 2). Nikkei accepted the fact that they used child labor to produce soccer balls in Pakistan. Apart from this incident, Workers had been abused physically and mental in a Converse factory in Indonesia. Factories with poor working environments had been found out in China. Humanitarian questions roused with these incidents.Consumer's mindset becomes negative for the brand name. Customer will avoid Nikkei products due to the negative impression given by Nikkei. The media and the social media will also play a role in these types of events. Nikkei should act accordingly to the situation to minimize the damage done to their reputation. In a Pakistan case, Nikkei should be needed to do more of children related welfare activities to lift up their reputation. They must ensure that the company in accordance with the guidelines for the recruitment, training, health, safety and welfare.The management of the company should also monitor that the environmental practices. T he company should follow the procedures that they are responsible for the management and prevention and energy. Nikkei management will be necessary to understand why the ethical responsibility of he company. Decisions , welfare services and the company , and how well the human rights , governance , ethics , growth , employment conditions , community interests of developing actions in the system, the relationship of the management with suppliers and customers of the company with different cultures and different people and respect them. . Discuss how Nikkei could be affected by consumer ethics issues, and how this affects the marketing planning (Pass 4. 3). Consumer ethics involve Honesty, Responsibility, Fairness, Respect, Transparency and Citizenship according to American Marketing Association (AMA). Honesty is to be truthful to customers and the stakeholders. And Nikkei has dealt well in this regard so far. Responsibility to accept the consequences of marketing decisions and strate gies affects the marketing planning; which includes recognition of vulnerable market segmentation, considering environmental stewardship, etc.Fairness – to balance Justly the needs of the buyer with the interests of the seller. This includes clear selling and advertising, avoid deceptive advertising, avoid price fixing, predatory pricing, est†¦ But the Nikkei had been somewhat close to these issues since they started producing the series of Air Jordan hoes. In 2007 the cost for a pair of shoes had been $16 without the marketing cost and it's been sold for $189 dollars. But in return they have rewarded the shareholders and the share prices had increased up 200%.Respect – To acknowledge the basic human dignity of all stakeholders. Nikkei lacked this matter when they were found using child labor in Pakistan, and various other similar incidents in other countries. Transparency – to create a spirit of openness in marketing operations. Being clear and communicate with all constituencies. Disclose of price lists, terms, price adjustments, and price deals Etc. Citizenship -As a global company Nikkei has to meet the other countries economical, legal, philanthropic and societal responsibilities.Which is different to the mother company or the Head office which is situated in USA. Changing consumer environment influence the marketing plan of Nikkei? (Pass 1 . 1). Digital media, cyber space has invaded all professions and majority of activities all around the world, as a matter of fact personal life of an individual are filled and occupied with a lot of electronic devices and internet. Television advertising had moved to cyber space as a result, Many people with busy lives spend more time in internet and social media than the television.As a result Nine's customers have moved along with the trend. In order to change according to the consumer environment, Nikkei has to do most of the advertising on cyber advertising, e marketing to reach more custo mers. Nikkei has produced results doing so by launching, advertisements on social media, and proven it's more effective than the television. 1. Based on your findings in part A to C, in at least 500 words, summarize and the design , development and worldwide marketing and sales , is engaged in a U. S. Multinational company . In its fiscal year 2012, revenues in excess of U.Nikkei reached their goal with other ethical and other matters surrounding them; such as using child labor, sweatshops and physical and mental harassments in factories. Due to the vastness of the company the management may not be much aware of what's really happening in the corner of the world although they cannot risk their reputation they build over the years. The issues are paid attention when it's brought up by media mostly than they discover it themselves. And they have to pay a high price with money and with market share before the matter is settled.Close attention from the top level was not done regularly t o mitigate these situations. And some of these events have taken place in sub contracts given by Nikkei and was not monitored until their reputation is spoiled. Nines top managements close attention is needed to overcome these types of situations. This makes even the sub contractors feel more responsible for their work and the manner of their working. As a global organization the benefits should reach the bottom lines employees as well. A good working environment has to be made for the employees and to enhance the global reputation of the company.Ethical values should be increased and the new project for social responsibility has to be launched in the factory situated areas. Welfare of the employees and their families should be done with respect for the commitment they make for the company. Strengthening and broadening their management levels according to their global expansion has to be done to meet these circumstances. Marketing planning will have to pay more attention on these ar eas. Http://www. Minimize. Com/ http://www. Objectifications. Com/ http://www. Invested. Com/ http://www. Owe. Com/ http://blockings. Burch. CUNY. Du/segregationist's/02/23/272/

Unnatural Killers Summary

The story is about a young couple that attempts murder twice, committing it once. The story is told by a lawyer that works in a small town in Mississippi. He meets a devout Christian and solid citizen, Mr. Savage. On March 7th, 1995, Sarah and Ben, a young couple on a road trip, entered Mr. Savage’s office and shot and killed Mr. Savage. They took his credit cards and cash. There were no witnesses. The couple made their way down to New Orleans for Mardi Gras. Running low on cash, Sarah entered a convenience store and shot the 35 year old mother that was working that night. She then took the money from the register. The clerk survived but was completely paralyzed. An anonymous informant identified Sarah from the video from the convenience store. Sarah and Ben were sent to trial. Sarah blamed Ben. She said that the movie Natural Born Killers brainwashed them and lead them to work out their â€Å"demons†. She said she didn’t see a 35 year old mother. She said she saw a demon so she shot her. Sarah is likely seeing a life sentence and Ben may see a death sentence. The lawyer from the Mississippi town believes that the maker of the movie is to blame for these crimes. There have been other murders that were linked to people watching the movie. The voice of Grisham is shown towards the end of the story where he calls for the writer of the movie to be tried in court.

Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet Fate Vs. Free Will

when the full impact of what he has just done and the consequences of his actions hit him. His secret marriage to Juliet of the Capulet family, his own families’ sworn enemy, had earlier prevented him from accepting the challenge of a fight made by Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. Romeo’s friend Mercutio cannot stand by and watch Tybalt degrade Romeo, and so he takes up the sword, but is fatally wounded. When Romeo sees Mercutio dead he then fights Tybalt, he ends up killing him. It is when Tybalt falls dead that Romeo realizes what he has done. He also knows he will now be executed by the prince, who had said that there would be no more fights between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo, for example, page 755, he says, â€Å"Some consequence yet hanging in the stars†¦by some vile forfeit of untimely death. But he that hath the steerage over my course Direct my sail.† He’s basically saying to his friends that he had a dream which leads him to believe th at he will die young because of something in the stars, something that will happen. He ends with â€Å"†¦he that hath steerage over my course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which implies that he does not have control. Free will is the â€Å"philosophical doctrine† that our choices are, ultimately, "up to us". Consequently, an un-free action must be somehow "up to" something else. The phrase "up to us" is vague, and, just like free will itself, admits of a variety of interpretations. Because of this vagueness, the usefulness of the concept of free will is questioned by some. We can ask several logically independent questions about free will. There are also many instances of free will being executed. When Balthasar tells Romeo that he saw Juliet being placed in the Capulet’s monument he screams out ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet Fate Vs. Free Will Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet Fate Vs. Free Will A large part of the beliefs for both Romeo and Juliet involve fate. They believed in the stars, and that their actions weren’t always their own. For example, â€Å"I am fortunes fool ( 794)†. Romeo cries out these words when the full impact of what he has just done and the consequences of his actions hit him. His secret marriage to Juliet of the Capulet family, his own families’ sworn enemy, had earlier prevented him from accepting the challenge of a fight made by Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. Romeo’s friend Mercutio cannot stand by and watch Tybalt degrade Romeo, and so he takes up the sword, but is fatally wounded. When Romeo sees Mercutio dead he then fights Tybalt, he ends up killing him. It is when Tybalt falls dead that Romeo realizes what he has done. He also knows he will now be executed by the prince, who had said that there would be no more fights between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo, for example, page 755, he says, â€Å"Some consequence yet hanging in the stars†¦by some vile forfeit of untimely death. But he that hath the steerage over my course Direct my sail.† He’s basically saying to his friends that he had a dream which leads him to believe that he will die young because of something in the stars, something that will happen. He ends with â€Å"†¦he that hath steerage over my course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which implies that he does not have control. Free will is the â€Å"philosophical doctrine† that our choices are, ultimately, "up to us". Consequently, an un-free action must be somehow "up to" something else. The phrase "up to us" is vague, and, just like free will itself, admits of a variety of interpretations. Because of this vagueness, the usefulness of the concept of free will is questioned by some. We can ask several logically independent questions about free will. There are also many instances of free will being executed. When Balthasar tells Romeo that he saw Juliet being placed in the Capulet’s monument he screams out ï ¿ ½...

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 6

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day - Essay Example While this theory of management had become irrelevant within the first quarter of the 20th century, many of ideas, which were proposed by Taylor, are still being applied today. In fact, it can be said that Taylor’s ideas still have a significant influence on how management is conducted, and has affected most of the other management theories, which came after it. While there are some who would argue that this theory of management is still as relevant today as when it was first proposed, others believe that its relevance is not compatible with modern standards. Although both sides have some real pertinent points to justify their claims, one would argue that despite its being effective, the theory of scientific management has lost its relevance in the current world. The way this theory was applied in its time cannot be effectively done in the current competitive global economy. The first case that one would make against the application of this hypothesis in the modern world is th at it takes away the autonomy of workers. While some would argue that the application of this theory would increase production, they do not consider the fact that, in the modern market, the availability of products in the market is not the only thing that determines whether consumers by them or not (Jeacle 2004, p.1162). In the highly competitive economy that exists today, it would be disastrous to take away the autonomy of workers because this would decrease innovation. Innovation is one of the most fundamental aspects in the modern world because it gives an organization an advantage over its competitors. Companies today are highly dependent on the creation of new and efficient products to put in the market so that they can keep their competition at bay. These companies try to outdo each other every day by coming up with products which once they enter the market, make similar products made in the past irrelevant. The ability of these companies to create new products frequently is b ecause they give their employees the autonomy to come up with ideas, which help in the development of these new products. If the theory of scientific management were applied in such situations, then competitiveness in the market would be stifled. Instead, the same variety of products would flood the market, and this would negate any need to create good quality products. Moreover, employees in companies would not be motivated to come up with ideas, which would be beneficial to their employer. These employees would only do work for the sake of attaining an income and would not be motivated to do better. Those who support the theory of scientific management would argue that it is the best because it allows for the simplification of jobs. It enables even those who are unskilled to perform tasks, which they were not trained for (Lincoln 200, p.515). While this argument is true, one would counter it by stating that the simplification of jobs is not always the best way to undertake it. Thi s is because, in the current era of enormous technological advancement, it is necessary for individuals to specialize in the use of the different technologies that are available. If unskilled workers are employed to work in environments where there is need handle delicate machinery, for example, the likelihood of accidents and damage to the machinery-taking place would be exceptionally high. The time where people

Love & Friendship text analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love & Friendship text analysis - Essay Example To her, Robbie is a sex-crazed maniac who is out to hurt her sister. Her accusation lands Robbie a jail-term. However, with age she comes to terms with her mistake and leads her life wishing for atonement, and this makes her writes to the end. All the events in the novel can be attributed to the failure of the older generation. Therefore, this paper shall seek to explain the extent to which the older generation’s failure contributed to the events of the story. The novel centers on the youth and adolescents facing challenges as a result of their parents’ failures. For instance, Briony’s cousins’ Lola, Pierrot, and Jackson visit the Tallis’s home for summer since their parents, Cecil Quincey and Hermoine are having problems in their marriage. They are giving their parents time to work out their differences and probably revert back their idea of having a divorce. It is during this visit that Lola gets raped and Robbie is accused of the crime. Chances are high that if Lola’s parents were in a healthy relationship, then they could have not visited the Tallis’s home during summer since they could be spending time together as a family. On the other hand, if they had not visited Tallis’s home, then Lola could have not been raped and Robbie could not have been sent to prison. The Talli’s family members are not happy as a family since their parents are not always there for them. Jack Tallis, the head of the family is always in London working and does not get time to visit or spend quality time with his family. McEwan asserts, â€Å"†¦and the old man is staying in town. He might come later† (48). The whole household misses his presence, and everything that goes wrong is attributed to the fact that he is not around. Briony explains that her father’s presence always changed the family’s atmosphere. She asserts, â€Å"Whenever he was around, the house settled on a fixed point† (McEwan 122). In as much as he spent his time at home in the library

Obesity and Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obesity and Smoking - Essay Example 935). Smoking has been estimated to account for 8% of total healthcare costs in the US, 3.8% in Canada, and 3.7% in Germany (Chang et al, 2005, pp. 2122 -2125). Dramatic variations in rates and trends of smoking are evident for specific subpopulations of women in Canada. There has recently been a disturbing trend whereby smoking rates among teenaged girls exceeded smoking rates among teenaged boys for the first time. Among girls aged 15 to 19, 25.1% reported being daily smokers in 1998 - 1999 and 26% in 2001, as compared with 18.5% and 20% respectively for boys in this age group (Chang et al, 2005, pp.2126 -2128). Girls also started smoking at a younger age, 41% of girls aged 15 to 17 reporting having smoked their first cigarette before age 13 as compared with 29% of boys. In the last decade, daily consumption increased for girls aged 15 to 19 from 11.5 cigarettes per day in 1990 to 12.7 cigarettes per day in 1999; this has decreased to 10.8 in 2001 (Statistics Canada, 2000, pp. 238- 245). In this paper we would be discussing the two issues faced by the Canadians - Obesity and Smoking. The simplest definition of obesity is an excessive amount of body fat. It must be distinguished from overweight, which refers to an excess of body weight relative to height. Obesity is probably best assessed by the visual judgment of an experienced observer. If a man, woman, or child looks fat when undressed, he or she is probably obese. Measurement of sub scapular and triceps skin-fold thicknesses with calipers is the simplest objective way to assess body fat. Data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) indicate an obesity rate for Canada of 23.1% and an overweight rate of 59.1%. U.S. data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 -2002 show that 65.1% of the American adult population is overweight and 30.4% are obese (Hedley et al, 2004, pp. 2847- 2848). The problem of obesity does not affect all populations equally, particularly in the U.S. The obesity rate in the U.S. is higher for women at 33.2% compared to the rate for men (27.6%). By race, these gender differences are exacerbated. F or example, the obesity rate among non-Hispanic white women is 30.7% compared to a rate of 49% among non-Hispanic black American women, whereas obesity rates across race for men do not differ significantly (Hedley et al, 2004, pp. 2849- 2850). In Canada, obesity rates do not vary substantially by sex (23.2% for women and 22.9% for men). However, obesity rates are higher for white women (24.8%) and white men (25 .5%) compared to their non-white counterparts (Hedley et al, 2004, p.2849). An estimated 80-90% of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Canadian population are overweight or obese. Obesity is also a growing problem in children with type 1 diabetes (Hypponen et al, 2000, pp.1755-1760). Furthermore, intensive insulin therapy is associated with weight gain. Weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake and diminishing hepatic glucose output (Chou et al, 2004, pp. 565-587). The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some forms of cancer increases with excessive body fat (Calle et al,

DNA Sampling Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DNA Sampling - Case Study Example The police, because of legal concerns, refuse to pursue this lead by acquiring samples from each of the thousands of persons of interest to it. The investigators' second-best lead was the footage shot at a truck stop on the night Falconio vanished. Bradley Murdoch was interviewed because his appearance and match with truck video, and passed over for DNA sampling. But Murdoch provided an apparent excuse to the police and he was declared innocent. After six months, the Broome police pulled over Murdoch's former flat mate and business partner, James Hepi. This was Taskforce Regulus' third big break, after the t-shirt DNA and the truck stop video. As a consequence of Hepi's arrest, the police was offered the identity of the suspected killer of Falconio. In Australia, arrest and DNA sampling powers are typically restricted by a requirement that the police have objective investigation specific justification for using force. Murdoch was deliberately avoiding the Falconio investigators, so it was doubtful that, even if they found him, they can not touch him without his consent. At the same time Hepi was a first-time informant and, moreover, had much to gain (and nothing to lose) from pointing Murdoch. Without any grounds to trust Hepi himself, Taskforce Regulus took considerable efforts to verify claims made by Hepi. But every claim proved to be off-key. According to Senior Sergeant Megan Rowe, the head of Taskforce Regulus' intelligence cell, Murdoch was the only man not 'eliminated' out of the nominated by the public as men in the truck stop video, hot prospects identified by Rowe, and persons 'of interest' to the investigation. Hepi's tips were of some hope, but Taskforce Regulus' ability to lawfully take Murdoch's DNA sample, once he was found, was in doubt. So Taskforce Regulus opted for a different way of testing Murdoch's link to the t-shirt smudge. They approached Murdoch's older brother, Gary, for his DNA sample. Gary's consent for sampling yielded a partial DNA match. The partial match - to be expected if a blood relative of Gary's was the source of the smudge - was certainly enough, in combination with the other information gathered by Taskforce Regulus, to objectively narrow the investigators' suspicions to Murdoch himself. But, when Murdoch was located, two weeks later, none of the information gathered by the investigato rs was used, because of some legal concern, to justify either his arrest or the taking of his DNA sample. A phone call on 28 August 2002 was the final major break in the Falconio case. A mother and her daughter had been raped and kidnapped by Murdoch a week earlier. After this call Murdoch was arrested, and thus provided a new way for lawfully acquiring his DNA sample. However, the Australian jurisdictions require that the objective justification for a proposed DNA sampling should cover, not only who is sampled but also the investigative utility of sampling. So, to force Murdoch to provide a DNA sample to investigate the allegations by the mother and daughter, the police needed reasonable grounds to expect that obtaining Murdoch's DNA sample would make a difference to that investigation. DNA sample of a suspect rapist

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology Essay

Measuring The Cost Of Cybercrime Criminology Essay Australasians policing (this also includes New Zealand Police) vision statement, as indicated in its strategic directions document is A safer and more secure community. Because technology, which includes the internet, is a very essential part of life today, the term community in Australasians vision statement needs to correspondingly be relevant in the new facet of cyberspace. It discusses the dangers and risks of the internet which includes the description of the e-crime problem, the effect on safety in different situations, and the different problems it poses; classifies and discusses the new response problems that may be run into during e-crime prevention, exposure and investigation; and delineates broadly initiatives of Australasian policing meant to prevent and minimize the occurrence of e-crime and improve the communitys safety and security. It concludes by asserting that a response capacity will only be successful and all-inclusive by wholly adopting prevention and partnership programs, including, with regards to online youth abuse, putting prominence on community education that requires the growth of protective behaviours in children, educated and involved adults, and good guidance by parents, teachers and schools. Ciardhuà ¡in, S. (2004). An extended model of cybercrime investigations. International Journal of Digital Evidence, 3(1), pp. 1-22. An effective model of cybercrime investigations is vital due to the fact that it specifies a theoretical reference framework, independent of any specific organisational setting or technology, for the analysis of methods and technology for strengthening investigators work. Ciardhuà ¡in in this article presents a model of investigations which brings together existing models, simplifies them and expands them by clearly focusing on specific activities that they do not have. Instead of only processing evidence like previous models, this model clearly outlines the information that flow during an investigation and depicts the deep extent of an investigation. This paper also presents the results of an assessment of the model by cybercrime investigators in practice. It concludes by testing the feasibility and applicability of this model by comparing it to various important existing models. Brenner, S. W. (2006). At light speed: Attribution and response to cybercrime/terrorism/ warfare, Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 97(2), pp. 379-419. The alacrity and obscurity of cyber-attacks renders differentiating among the activities of terrorists, offenders, and nation states challenging. This article elucidates why and by what means computer technology obfuscates the correlated practices of classifying internal (which include crime and terrorism) and external (war) dangers to society of countering such threats. It begins by structuring a classification of cyber threats (that is, crime, terrorism, and war) and describes why these changing threat classes can make who- and what-attribution difficult. It also gives details of how these problems with attribution influence the handling cyber threats and continues to investigate this issue by considering methods that can be used to improve the response capacity without compromising principles dear to the heart. The article concludes by agreeing that while the methods analysed in the article may not be the key to solving this obscurity, or the solution to the problem, the paper may be used in discussing these issues, a discussion that lead to developing of strategies that enhance the ability to manage the threats that occur from cyberspace. Brenner, S., Koops, B. J. (2004). Approaches to cybercrime jurisdiction. Journal of High Technology Law, 4(1), 189-202. Jurisdiction in cybercrimes is a thorny subject. Activities on the internet that are lawful in the areas where they are started may be illegal in other areas, even if the activity is not principally directed at that single area. This article focuses on jurisdiction in basic criminal law by scrutinizing the cybercrime statutes of several countries and states. The analysis is however limited predominantly to statutory law because, hitherto, the case law existing on cross-border cybercrime jurisdiction is scarce. After comprehensively giving a description to jurisdiction, the article reviews jurisdiction clauses in cybercrime statues that determine jurisdiction, centred on either territorial claims, on personality claims, or on other claims, for example the protection rule and universality. It concludes by recapping the different tactics in cybercrime jurisdiction, the difficulties that this disparity presents, and specifying stemming issues that call for further analysis. Australian Government. (2009). Cybersecurity Strategy. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.ag.gov.au/Documents/AG%20Cyber%20Security%20Strategy%20-%20for%20website.pdf Among the top national security priorities in Australia at the moment is cyber security. The national security, economic wealth and social security in Australia are vitally subject to the accessibility, reliability and privacy of a variety of ICTs (Information and Communication Technology). This article is an Australian Government Policy Strategy that describes how the government is using every resource to help safeguard government, business and individual Australians. It also describes the means in which new capacities have been started to ensure that Australians, as well as the businesses they do business with, are better protected. It concludes by suggesting that, given the fast growth in the intensity and complexity of cybercrime and other cyber security perils, it is critical that government, business and the society are cognizant of the seriousness of cyber security risks and devote to work as one to protect this critical part of the community and economy. Wall, D. (2008). Cybercrime, media and insecurity: The shaping of public perceptions of cybercrime. International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 22(1-2), pp. 45-63 There is a significant disparity in our perception of cybercrime that solicits several critical questions about the condition of the production of criminological knowledge on it. This article critically examines the manner in which public perceptions of cybercrime are modelled and uncertainties about it are spawned. It looks at the differing abstracts of cybercrime before pinpointing conflicts in the production of criminological knowledge that are the cause of the confusion between rhetoric and reality. Next, it juxtaposes the myths of cybercrime with what is really happening with the intention of appreciating the reassurance disproportion that has unfolded between community needs for internet security and its provision. The article concludes by calling for the necessity to be clear about where the equilibrium between the need to maintain lawfulness online and the need to enforce law is set because, until this equilibrium has been realized, the cybercrime reassurance gap will not be closed. Choo, K. R. (2008). Organised crime groups in cyberspace: A typology. Trends in Organized Crime, 11(3), pp. 270-295. doi: 10.1007/s12117-008-9038-9. While questions have been raised as to the existence of organised criminal activities in cyberspace, a number of studies have of late highlighted the interaction between cyberspace and organized crime. The cyberspace gives organised crime groups an asylum for the development of their organisational and effective abilities. This article describes three classes of organised groups that take advantage of developments in ICT to contravene legal and regulatory jurisdictions, which comprise (1) old-style organised criminal groups that exploit ICT to boost their global criminal activities; (2) organised cybercriminal groups that operate entirely online; and (3) organised groups of ideologically and doctrinally inspired parties who exploit ICT to ease their criminal behaviour. The article concludes by noting that with the enhanced probability of digital content being a basis of debates or forming part of basic proof to back or rebut an argument in judicial proceedings, the need for law appli cation to have broad understanding of computer forensic techniques, tools, principles, procedures and guidelines, in addition to anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced. Moreover, it also sees the need for fresh strategies of response and more research on investigating organised criminal activities in cyberspace. Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M. (2012). Predictors of Patrol Officer Interest in Cybercrime Training and Investigation in Selected United States Police Departments. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 15(9), 464-472. For the past thirty years, there has been an increase in the use of technology to aid crimes in both the cyber and physical worlds. This problem has resulted in the creation of significant challenges for the enforcement of law, especially at the state and local levels. It is because of this that this article examines the dynamics that projected patrol officers interest in cybercrime investigations and training in two south-eastern cities in the U.S. The analysis particularly observed the connection between demographics, cybercrime exposure, computer training, computer expertise, Internet and cybercrime perceptions, and perceptions on policing cybercrime with officer appeal to cybercrime investigation training and handling cybercrime investigations in the future. At the end, from the findings, the article substantiates the argument that more knowledge and departmental consultations relating to the value of investigating these types of crime need to be held so as to boost officer inter est. Bossler, A. M., Holt, T. J. (2012). Patrol officers perceived role in responding to cybercrime. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 35(1), pp. 165-181 Minor empirical research is available concerning how local law enforcement has dealt with cybercrime. The main aim of this article is to know: the law enforcement agencies that line officers consider to be largely in charge of investigating cybercrime instances; their views about their agencys current capacity to handle these offenses; and their attitudes as regards the effective ways of improving the social response to cybercrime. To do so, the authors surveyed patrol officers in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg and Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan police departments. The authors found that officers do not think that local law enforcement should be largely in charge of dealing with cybercrime incidents and they have scarce information on the manner in which upper management is handling cybercrime. Officers showed that the most effective approaches to handle cybercrime were more care taken by people online and amendments to the legal system. The article concludes by noting the significant need for more statistical recording of cybercrime so as to better appreciate the problem in addition to how local law enforcement and first responders are tackling these issues Jiggins, S. (2000). E-crime: a global challenge for law enforcement. Platypus Magazine, Australian Federal Police. Retrieved from: http://www.afp.gov.au/media-centre/publications/platypus/previous-editions/2000/december-2000/ecrime Among the biggest challenges related with modern technology is the fact that crimes can be perpetrated on a large-scale basis with such rapidity and obscurity, which if not dealt with, endangers the sustainability of the economic security of businesses and the existence of smaller nation states. Because of this invasive nature of modern technologies, the report recognizes the need for law enforcement to work together with other sectors in the industry and the community to breed an across-the-board state and local approach to the issue. The report tackles issues such as the global nature of e-crime, securing, developing and holding on to expert staff and getting around technology gap, gathering and retaining electronic evidence, establishing the identity of criminals, developing tools to counter crime, reacting to crime instantaneously, and advancing reporting of electronic crime. The report concludes by setting the stage for further analysis, which will identify first priority matter s, gaps and weaknesses that must be tackled by any strategy if law enforcement is to meet the challenges of the virtual horizon.

Mans Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Essay

Man's Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Solzhenitsyn's turning to history has extremely important consequences for his total literary heritage. As he himself has said, "Literature that is not the very breath of contemporary society does not deserve the name of literature." To be true literature, "the pain and fears of society must be held before it, society must be warned against the moral and social dangers which threaten it." History to Solzhenitsyn, as to Leo Tolstoy, is the theater and the arena in which the abominations as well as the glories of human behavior are revealed at their most powerful and on the grandest scale. This is not to say that Solzhenitsyn actually "writes history," meaning by that a formal history text. Rather, his novel August 1914 is a vehicle for the telling the larger story of the human condition. As in One Day, characters are minutely inspected in order best to understand the historical environment in which they participate as well as being affected by it. In other words, history at its present juncture provides Solzhenitsyn with concrete, "living" referents or the actual background against which the moral fiber of realistically depicted characters are not only revealed but above all tested and tempered. As in the later work, Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn's historical novel about Leninist-Stalinist terror and the labor-camp system, so in August 1914 events do not simply "happen," as though they were products of the action of Fate. It is precisely over the issue of Why Events Happen that Solzhenitsyn parts company with the great Russian writer, Tolstoy, who himself used history (War and Peace) as a mea... ...," not by means of dogmatic insistence upon "historical law" and "ultimate truth." So, for Solzhenitsyn, man's Tragedy does not consist in his being ground under by an historical juggernaut, a dumb force guided by inexorable historical laws, impersonal forces, economic determinism, and so forth. Instead, man makes his own history. Ideologies, religions, policies do help shape the lines along which history will be made, but above all for Solzhenitsyn, it is men who make history. It is they who can be blamed. So can the makers of ideologies be blamed for the postulates they develop and the consequences which result from them. "Who is to blame?" the author of Gulag Archipelago asks in the chapter entitled, "The Law Becomes a Man." He answers, with bitter irony: "Well, of course, it obviously could never be the Over-All Leadership!" Man's Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Essay Man's Tragedy in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Solzhenitsyn's turning to history has extremely important consequences for his total literary heritage. As he himself has said, "Literature that is not the very breath of contemporary society does not deserve the name of literature." To be true literature, "the pain and fears of society must be held before it, society must be warned against the moral and social dangers which threaten it." History to Solzhenitsyn, as to Leo Tolstoy, is the theater and the arena in which the abominations as well as the glories of human behavior are revealed at their most powerful and on the grandest scale. This is not to say that Solzhenitsyn actually "writes history," meaning by that a formal history text. Rather, his novel August 1914 is a vehicle for the telling the larger story of the human condition. As in One Day, characters are minutely inspected in order best to understand the historical environment in which they participate as well as being affected by it. In other words, history at its present juncture provides Solzhenitsyn with concrete, "living" referents or the actual background against which the moral fiber of realistically depicted characters are not only revealed but above all tested and tempered. As in the later work, Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn's historical novel about Leninist-Stalinist terror and the labor-camp system, so in August 1914 events do not simply "happen," as though they were products of the action of Fate. It is precisely over the issue of Why Events Happen that Solzhenitsyn parts company with the great Russian writer, Tolstoy, who himself used history (War and Peace) as a mea... ...," not by means of dogmatic insistence upon "historical law" and "ultimate truth." So, for Solzhenitsyn, man's Tragedy does not consist in his being ground under by an historical juggernaut, a dumb force guided by inexorable historical laws, impersonal forces, economic determinism, and so forth. Instead, man makes his own history. Ideologies, religions, policies do help shape the lines along which history will be made, but above all for Solzhenitsyn, it is men who make history. It is they who can be blamed. So can the makers of ideologies be blamed for the postulates they develop and the consequences which result from them. "Who is to blame?" the author of Gulag Archipelago asks in the chapter entitled, "The Law Becomes a Man." He answers, with bitter irony: "Well, of course, it obviously could never be the Over-All Leadership!"

Sociology Discussions: Immigration

Immigration both legal and illegal immigration have implications on the receiving country. However, illegal immigration usually comes with greater disadvantages that legal entry because while the latter is planned for and considered by authorities socially and economically, the former is potentially harmful on both accounts. Manifest functions in immigration can be explained as expected or intended events and its impacts on the receiving country. Latent functions are unplanned or unintended occurrences in immigration and are rather leniency approaches to immigration.Dysfunctions are associated disturbances in the anticipated (or otherwise) impacts of immigrations both legal and illegal (Kendall, 2007). In both kinds of immigration, the functions apply differently. Typical manifest functions of illegal immigration are to prevent the practice of immigrants’ influx, reduction in crime rate, and protection of jobs across the border, especially menial jobs. Latent functions would b e to try and rescue immigrants who may try to use crude means of immigration, to save their lives and even increasing humanitarian assistance to help them incase of injuries.Manifest dysfunctions are obvious and range from apprehensions and delays, deportation on flimsy accounts of breaking of rules or on spouses who have different citizenship or unfounded suspicion of being terrorists, longer detention burdens taxpayers or unfortunately still, inadequate records. Fatalities may also not be completely eradicated or worse still presence of guides who take payments from infants to let them in. Other major dysfunctions include impacts on public infrastructure and social amenities like school systems, hospitals and recreational facilities that experience increased stresses due to population surges.In effect, there are increased rates of contagious diseases due to health facilities that may not be able to cope with this population influx. The cost of providing essential government servic es usually goes up. Discussion #4 Marriage as a social institution, according to functional paradigm (Parsons, 1961) is built up of various components or parts is decamping from a stable and orderly institution that it was and is basically falling apart in its core functions. Marriage was perceived to be a way of reproduction and happier way of coexistence.When unchecked, reproduction escalated and was halted on its heels by the need for population control through family planning and late marriages. For a family to remain moral, they placed increasingly little attention to child bearing. This reduces the mature male or female individual’s commitment of wanting to engage in a binding marriage for the sake of reproduction. Again talks and reports of higher numbers of failed marriages is a setback to the high hopes of happier life the institution once elicited.Most marrying age adults are tucked away in learning institutions thus reducing these available for permanent stay. Argu ing on the social conflict point of view, marrying off to a man on the basis of wealth for an adult American is not fashionable anymore because the gender economic divide has been bridge through affirmative action and more and more women getting into similar or better paying jobs than adult males. Working class and wealthy women feel increasingly independent and thus do not have to lean any further on men for financial support previously guaranteed in marriage.In need for sexual pleasure, couples thus resort to a lesser economic form of marital commitment that is cohabitation. A contrasting argument on this account is that acute loss or unavailability of jobs means that fewer men have financial control that they would use to lure women into marital lives. Brute coercion into marriage as may have been the occasion, and as is especially in underdeveloped countries seldom exist anymore. Using symbolic interaction to describe the last scenario, it is commonplace to see children born out of wedlock these days.This is partly due to the fact that the society is awash with incidences of single parents – either from divorce or separations – that successfully raise their children. There is an increased confidence (and decreased stigma) in raising children this way. Through observation, the society has come of age to take the situation to mean well for them. The interpretation of the society’s view is that the habit has come of age and is not a stigma anymore as was in early 20th century and before. Reference: Kendall, D. (2007). Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Parsons, T. (1961). Theories of Society: Modern Sociological Theory. New York: Free Press.

Otzi the Iceman

Otzi the Iceman is one of the greatest discoveries known to date. His discovery has a major significance throughout the world, for his age and excellent preservation, the equipment found with him and the contents of his stomach. Other factors which contribute to his significance are the number of different human blood samples found on his clothing and equipment. Carbon dating indicates that Iceman is over 5300 years old with nature preserving him to unprecedented levels. He was found high in the Alps where freezing temperatures and strong cold winds occur allowing him and his equipment to be preserved. The winds dried more than 90% of the liquid in his body which got rid of the parasites in his blood allowing him to freeze without decaying. His massive blood loss through his wound also helped the preservation process. Thanks to these conditions we can study Iceman’s life in the early Stone Age. Initially it was thought that Ozti died due to hypothermia. Later it was speculated that it was part of a sacrificial ceremony. These theories were put to rest after x-rays and CT scans revealed a flint arrow lodged in his left shoulder. Otzi died from a fatal shot approximately 30m away at a 25 degree angle from below. The x-rays and the CT scan also revealed deep cuts on both hands implying a struggle occurred before the final blow which was proved by multiple blood samples found on his equipment. This information concludes that the Stone Age was a violent Era. The Iceman’s equipment is a significant discovery as it tells us the story of his death. Multiple blood samples were found on his clothes and equipment strengthening the theory of murder. But this is not the main reason for its importance. A copper axe was found as part of his equipment with its handle still intact, the only one ever discovered. Not only it is unique but also sets the history of copper making back 500 years in Europe. These artefacts and pieces of evidence are major factor of the Iceman’s discovery. The contents of Otzi’s stomach lead the scientist along the path he has taken over 5300 years ago. Pollen analysis was used on the food found within his intestines to accurately point his route which he travelled up the mountains and the season he died in. It also concluded what tribe Otzi most likely came from. Other food found within his stomach determined what people ate during that period and the last meal of the Iceman. The discovery of Iceman is one of the greatest mankind’s treasures. Otzi’s preservation level allowed the world to have an insight into the lives of humans over 5300 years ago. He rewrote history with his age and equipment setting new records and helping us to understand our ancestry. Thus these factors make Otzi the Iceman a significant discovery.

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming In almost every Java program you will find primitive data types being used. They provide a way to store the simple values the program is dealing with. For example, consider a calculator program that allows the user to perform mathematical calculations. In order for the program to achieve its goal, it has to be capable of storing the values the user enters. This can be done using variables. A variable is a container for a specific kind of value that is known as a data type. Primitive Data Types Java comes with eight primitive data types to handle simple data values. They can be split into four categories by the kind of value they hold: Integers: these are positive and negative whole numbers.Floating Point Numbers: any number that has a fractional part.Characters: a single character.Truth Values: either true or false. Integers Integers hold number values that cannot have a fractional part. There are four different types: byte: uses one byte to store values from -128 to 127short: uses two bytes to store values from -32,768 to 32,767int: uses four bytes to store values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647long: uses eight bytes to store values from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 As you can see from above the only difference between the types are the range of values they can hold. Their ranges directly correlate to the amount of space the data type needs to store its values. In most cases when you want to represent a whole number use the int data type. Its ability to hold numbers from just under -2 billion to a little over 2 billion will be suitable for most integer values. However, if for some reason you need to write a program that uses as little memory as possible, consider the values you need to represent and see if the byte or short is a better choice. Likewise, if you know the numbers you need to store are higher than 2 billion then use the long data type. Floating Point Numbers Unlike integers, floating point numbers like fractional parts. There are two different types: float: uses four bytes to store values from -3.4028235E38 to 3.4028235E38double: uses eight bytes to store values from -1.7976931348623157E308 to 1.7976931348623157E308 The difference between the two is simply the range of fractional numbers they can hold. Like integers the range directly correlates to the amount of space they need to store the number. Unless you have memory concerns its best to use the double data type in your programs. It will handle fractional numbers to the precision needed in most applications. The main exception will be in financial software where rounding errors cannot be tolerated. Characters There is only one primitive data type that deals with individual characters – the char. The char can hold the value of one character and is based on 16-bit Unicode encoding. The character might be a letter, digit, punctuation, a symbol or a control character (e.g., a character value that represents a newline or a tab). Truth Values As Java programs deal in logic there needs to be a way to determine when a condition is true and when it is false. The boolean data type can hold those two values; it can only be true or false.

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